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Many Wiccan and Neo-Pagan traditions venerate the triple goddess, who manifests as the maiden, mother, and crone. They represent past, present, and future, and also the cycle of life and death as new growth, fertility, and death. She aligns with the cycles of the moon, with the maiden the waxing moon, the mother the full…
When reading Norse sagas and other types of Norse literature, one important literary motif to understand is kennings. Kennings are not just common in Old Norse literature, but also Old Germanic texts and Old English poetry. A kenning is a figurative phrase that replaces a common noun. For example, a Skaldic poet might refer to…
One thing that we have in common with our Viking ancestors is an appreciation for a good joke and a robust sense of humor. The surviving Norse sagas suggest that the Vikings had a dark sense of humor that involved sarcasm, irony, and strangeness. They would tell jokes at the dinner table and on the…
Druids were the priests and religious leaders among Celtic tribes and are known to have existed across the Celtic world from Ireland to Germany. What little we know about them comes from observations from writers from other cultures, especially the Romans, and from more modern folklore. While it is believed that the Druids were literate,…
An Introduction to the Norse Sagas The Norse Sagas are legends and histories about the Viking Age that were composed predominantly in Iceland from the late 12th century onwards. Today, more than 40 individual sagas are preserved in a variety of manuscripts. Read on to discover the historical context of the Norse Sagas and a…
Celtic religion has many interesting parallels with Norse religion. It was a rich and complex polytheistic religion with a variety of gods and goddesses linked with the natural forces in the universe. The Celts lived across parts of France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, and Great Britain from the 6th century BC. But what we know about…
Like most ancient cultures, the Vikings believed in the supernatural and magic. They had their pantheon of gods, led by Odin the All-Father and his son Thor. They believed in other supernatural entities such as elves and trolls, and that the spirits of the dead lived on in other worlds. They also believed that while…
If you are a fan of Old Norse symbols, like me, then you have probably come across the Web of Wyrd described as a Viking symbol linked with ideas of fate and destiny. However, if you, also like me, search for examples of the Web of Wyrd symbol being used in the Viking Age, you…
Today we imagine the Vikings saying “Skol” when they raised their cups, or drinking horns, during a feast. But what does Skol mean in Old Norse and is that really what the Vikings said? Toasts were a complex social ritual in Viking society that involved much more than just raising a glass. Let’s look at…
While the Vikings did not celebrate Christmas, the end of the year when the nights were at their longest, darkest, and coldest, was an important time of year. It was marked with a 12-day festival called Yule (or Jul). When Scandinavian countries converted to Christianity, many Yule traditions were transformed into Christmas traditions. We’ve previously…